Studied History and English and American Studies at the University of Vienna, as well as at Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA. He also taken part in numerous professor exchanges at universities around the world, most notable being those as Schumpeter Research Professor at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA (academic year 1996/97) and as Botstiber Visiting Professor at Columbia University in New York City (2007). Habilitation in Modern and Contemporary History.

Research Focus: International Relations in the 19th and 20th century, Anglo-American History since 1776, Intelligence in the 20th century, Austria in the 20th century.